Measurement Issues Associated With Conditional Reasoning Tests Indirect Measurement and Test Faking

Saenz v Roe Case Brief Essays

Saenz v Roe Case Brief Essays Saenz v Roe Case Brief Paper Saenz v Roe Case Brief Paper Case Brief Saenz v Roe (1999) 1. Facts The facts of the Saenz V Roe case is that in 1992 the state of California wanted to change the Aid to Families with Dependent Children Program by setting a limit to new residents. By having this approved by the Secretary of Health and Human Services and having the Federal District Court implement it, there would a large number of new residents who would be treated unequally. By the time it became into law on April 1, 1997 a class action was filed to challenge it. Then Ms. Brenda Roe brought it up along with other first year residents to Rita Saenz in the Supreme Court. 2. Issues The issue with this case is that does it violate the Fourteenth Amendment. Which in short says that no other state has the right to impose laws that violates the rights of other American citizens that moved from other states. Such as in this case people moving to California. 3. Holding In this case this state amendment clearly violates the Fourteenth Amendment of the U. S. Constitution. 4. Reasoning The reasoning behind is that California is trying to make it where new residents can’t benefit from Aid to Families with Dependent Children Program. If another state does not have that and that state’s citizen moves to California their rights under the Fourteenth Amendment would be violated. 5. Dissent The two justices that dissented are Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justice Thomas. There reasoning behind their dissent is that the framers might have intended the Fourteenth Amendment for other reasons that do not apply to this such as just being able to be a U. S. citizen in another state.

To what extent was the Enlightenment socially inclusive Essay

To what extent was the Enlightenment socially inclusive - Essay Example Scholars such as Robert Darnton associated enlightenment with the conventional enlightenment philosophy. As observed by modern scholars, to understand the extent in which enlightenment was socially inclusive, systematic evaluation on intellectual progress that took place to both intellectuals and other people from different social status is vital (Hof 1994, p. 91). Initially, enlightenment involved both low and high enlightenment process in Europe at different levels. The essay will therefore focus on the extent in which enlightenment was socially inclusive. The extent to which enlightenment was socially inclusive in the European continent in the 18th century can best be evaluated by systematically analysing two enlightenments, the low enlightenment and the high enlightenment. The high enlightenment is the intellectual progress among the intelligent people of the 18th century who included professional elites and nobles. These elites and other intellectuals in the society were also in a position of accessing, reading, and writing publications such as encyclopaedia (Israel 2001, p. 127). In addition, high enlightenment received impetus from natural philosophical writings and publications. The works and publications of natural philosophers as well as the role of academic institutions increased the popularity and intellectual curiosity of the high enlightenment. Moreover, the elites and professionals in the 18th century came up with â€Å"Republic of Letters† that were read by people from different states in Europe (Chukwudi Eze 1996, P. 256). Professionals and social elites who did not take part in writing publications participated in reading and debating the enlightenment ideas and teaching either in their social gathering or in salon centres. Social and political leaders and advisors also showed endless interests in opinions, teachings, and ideas that were contained in the â€Å"Republic Of Letters†. Religious leaders including Frederick the great also confirmed that, the ideas and contents that were contained in the â€Å"Republic of Letters† demonstrated religious tolerance in the treatment of Huguenots, Jesuits and Jews (Muthu, 2003, p. 137). Despite being apparent, the definition and the explanation of the ideas that are contained in high enlightenment has proved to be complicated. Example of the existing contradictions in the understanding and definition of the contents contained in enlightenment is found in â€Å"Essay on Miracle† composed by David Hume’s in 1748. The essay questions the existence of miracle as stated in the publications that talk about enlightenment. Thomas Sherlock’s â€Å"Trial of the Witness of the Resurrection of Jesus† (1729) confirms the existence of miracle in the society. Currently, there is no specific party charter that can be used by scholars to understand the enlightenment principles (Rousseau and Porter 1990, P. 147). Despite insufficient information rega rding enlightenment principles, scholars have made several generalisations on the principles of enlightenment. Enlightenment talked about the significance and relevance of intellectual curiosity. Enlightenment also emphasised the importance of pursuing practical ideas that could improve human life. In addition, scholars also taught the significance of independent mind and debate as well as the need for revaluation of the entire bodies of knowledge (Black 1990, p. 91). Low

Quantative critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Quantative critique - Essay Example The population sample is defined clearly from the title for multiple sclerosis patients. However, the length of the title is inappropriate; also, this study does not contain an abstract. The two researchers (Yeliz and Nuran) are both professors. Both work with the nursing department of the health science department from Hacettepe University in Ankara, Turkey. This is enough evidence that they are both qualified as researchers as they come from reputable companies. The department of nursing from Hacettepe University is a well-established institution, and by them, researchers, associated with the nursing department in the faculty of health sciences, is a good explanation of the their qualification to undertake a research on nursing (Figved, et. al, 2007). The problem is indicated where the research paper indicates that the sufferers of multiple sclerosis have high co-morbidity, which relates to poor life quality and the high costs in health care. As a result, such patients cannot acces s the optimal homecare, and there is no any model for nurse-based home visiting. The problem stated has the significance in that it introduces the reader to the purposes and aims of the research study. As a result of the existence of the above problem, the study aims at determining the effects of the nursing interventions based on NANDA in order to determine the effects of home-based nursing interventions on issues that relate with Quality of Life (QOL) among patients with multiple sclerosis. The research variables are the intervention and control groups in the study sample. The participants in the intervention groups were 21, and those in the control group were 24 making a total of 45 participants (Carton, et. al., 2004). The hypothesis has been stated clearly whereby the author says that patients with MS live with their families, and they need homecare services just like other people with other diseases, which are chronic. This hypothesis acts as a basis in which the research focu ses on, seeking for the effectiveness of home-based nursing interventions. This natural flow from the theoretical framework and the research problem (whereby because of the problem of inappropriate home-based model, the patients live with their families where the homecare services) are inefficient. This provides the theoretical framework of the research in that when people suffering from multiple sclerosis lack sufficient home-based care, the effects can be chronic, and there should be an appropriate model, which aims at handling the resulting problems. The hypothesis contains two variables that are investigated; intervention and effectiveness of the homecare based nursing. These are clearly and objectively worded whereby from just the mention of the hypothesis, because of living with their families, the homecare based might be challenging since they require health professionals to administer the services. Through this, a reader can evaluate the effectiveness of the homecare-based n ursing (Karantay, 2002). This research used the pretest-posttest experimental group design where patients from the control group received the interventions from standard care that has to be given to patients with multiple sclerosis; the participants in the intervention group received the nurse-based home-visiting care. The appropriateness of the design to the research question is well defined, where due to the purpose of the research of establishing the effectiveness

Educating in math Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Educating in math - Essay Example Every problem in mathematics requires understanding of the underlying concept and using the ideas to solve the problem. By studying mathematics major, I have the opportunity to work on many mathematics problems in various topics such as geometry, calculus and statistics. Through the study of mathematics, my analytical skills will be enhanced, and this will help me think clearly. For instance, one of the analytical skills needed in mathematics is paying attention to detail. This will allow my mind develop the ability to think critically and come up with logical arguments. In addition, one the important skills in mathematics is the ability to investigate in order to understand and solve mathematics problems. This skill also contributes to improving my thinking through deeper analysis and examination of a problem. Studying mathematics involves interpreting texts, mathematical expressions, functions and graphs. As a student, I have to communicate these ideas to the teacher and fellow students in order to demonstrate my understanding. Therefore, through mathematics, my communication skills will be greatly enhanced. The math major course gives me the opportunity to engage with fellow students and the teachers in understanding mathematical concepts and solving problems. Communication is important in every aspect of life, and mathematics helps me improve on this important skill. This will be vital not only to my social life but also throughout my career. The knowledge acquired by studying mathematics major is important in enhancing creativity and innovation. In particular, the knowledge gained through studying various topics in mathematics will help me create solutions to current problems. For example, the ideas gained through the study of statistics could be used to provide creative solutions on how to manage an organization’s data. The math major course offers the flexibility one needs in providing creative and innovative solutions to various problems.

Feminism in India

Feminism in India Introduction Gender Equality and Feminism have become growing topics all around the globe during the past half a century, with women organizing and protesting against the stereotypes imposed upon them by the men. Several theories exist about how these stereotypes and inequalities came about, with some people arguing that it is caused by the chauvinistic nature innately present in all human beings, with others rejecting this as a â€Å"lazy† argument to make, and attributing it to more specific causes. In the times of hunter-gatherers, the women occupied an equal status to that of men, and everyone had to contribute in order to survive and bring up the young ones. As agriculture started to appear, along with importance to ownership of land, the patriarchal form of society started dominating the scene, as men were bestowed with the duty to acquire and defend property, and hence the passing down of property down the line of male descendants (patrilineal) became relevant, thus side-lining the women in the society. With the growth of capitalism, the importance of the nuclear family had increased, which required the male to be employed, typically in industries, in order to earn income, and the women would have to stay at home and look after the domestic needs such as cooking, and raising of children, etc. The reason for this was that the main means of production was the modern nuclear family, and so this setup was promoted as the norm in order to maximise market gains and increase efficiency[1]. This effect of capitalism along with the patriarchal nature of most societies is what many argue to be the major reason behind the stigmatization and stereotyping of women as weaker, and restricted to household work. Challenging these notions, feminist movements have been seen in several countries of the world, thereby ensuring that the women in their country had rights and were relatively equal to the men, preventing further social downtrodding of women. Several countries have all owed women to join the army even, with some sending them into combat as well[2], in order to promote gender equality and inspire women to believe in themselves and change the way society looks at women. However, the situation in India is quite different. Gender inequality is rampant here, and nearly in every sphere of life, women are marginalized and oppressed, viewed as mere tools or property possessed by men. India witnesses the second highest amount of gender inequality in all of Asia, second only to the Taliban-ruled Afghanistan[3]. However, some feminist movements have been seen even in India, however their task is much more difficult here due to a vast number of reasons which will be discussed in depth in this project with the help of some interviews of Indian feminist social activists. Methodology The first step I took towards this project was to search for social activists in India who had made contributions to the feminist movement, and identified some feminists out of whom I had picked the interviews of Dr. Vandana Shiva[4], Dr. Sarojini Sahoo[5], Ms. Flavia Agnes[6] and Mrs. Madhu Kishwar[7]. Of these, Dr. Vandana Shiva would be the most prominent activist, who has written several books for the cause of feminism and making the women of India aware of such discrimination, and also won the Fukuoka Prize in 2012[8]. Dr. Sarojini Sahoo is also a well-known activist who has written several books about gender and sexuality, and won the Laadli Media Award in 2011, and her interview offers us the most information regarding the topic, and therefore is the central interview for the purposes of this project. From all the interviews, a few major issues have been identified and then analysed with the help of other sources, and their impact on the society at large is shown. The activist s are generally in agreement with each other, and usually only the main focus of their argument is what changes. I have also identified a handful of interviews of feminists from countries other than India in order to compare them with those of the Indian feminists, and this affirm what is it that makes the feminist movement in India more essential and complicated than in other countries. Core Chapter After going through the interview[9] of Christina Hoff Sommers, a feminist activist from the USA, we can tell that the main focus of the interview is on improving women representation in politics, and mostly to disillusion women from several other schools of feminism which she believes to be false and misleading to the women population at large. This shows that feminism has already successfully granted them basic social equity in the USA. The interview[10] of Perla Vasquez, a feminist from Mexico, has also been identified and analysed. The major issues in this as well mostly comprise of economic and political difficulties faced by women in Mexico. This is in contrast with the stage in India as we can deduce from the 4 interviews analysed for the sake of this project, where the focus is on basic discrimination of women in the social field, and to stop the many forms of injustice suffered by them daily, and in almost every sphere of life. The major points of difference I have identified from these interviews is the basis of patriarchal values and oppression of women being strongly embedded with religious tradition, particularly Hinduism, since the later Vedic period; and the second being the rampant cases of sexual violence against women all around the country. It is this basic factor which makes feminism so much more essential in India, especially the rural places, and the reinforcement of patriarchy in the Hindu tradition, and the fact that a large majority of India is still religious, makes it much more difficult to acquire the goals of social equality and basic dignity for women. Effect of Culture and Traditions In her interview, Sarojini Sahoo states â€Å"At one time in India in the ancient Vedic period there were equal rights between men and women and even feminist law makers like Gargi and Maitreyi. But the later Vedic period polarized the sexes. Males oppressed females and treated them as other or similar to a lower caste.†[11] This statement has been proven to be true, and women had indeed enjoyed a position of equal rights to those of males in the Vedic period, with women being venerated, and the prevalence of several Goddesses and female Deities in the Hindu tradition from that time, further reinforcing their position in society[12]. However, during the time following the Vedic period, the situation of women deteriorated much further down. With the arrival of the Dharma Shastras, the Patriarchal form of society was stressed and promoted, causing the oppression of women in the society. However, most people argue that it is during the time of the Mughals when women in India became truly secluded, although there is evidence of such being practiced as early as during the time of Asoka.[13] The Smritis were another reason which led to the side-lining of women in the later Vedic society, which reflected the legislators’ chauvinistic nature in enforcing traditions and practices which led to the further o ppression and control of women in the society by males, and laws which lacked all notions of equity and justice. These causes led to a solidification of a society where women were treated worse than Shudras (untouchables)[14], suffering several inequalities from the men every day. This has continued for a long time, with practices such as the Dowry system and the system of Sati being followed widely all over India when the British had arrive, and had not declined until the British Empire issued legislations banning the practice of Sati[15], following which it slowly started declining. The dowry system was originally only prevalent in the middle class who actually owned property which they could give away for dowry, but later was adopted even by the poorer sections of society, often resulting in cases where one would give away a lifetime of savings as dowry. It was banned by the Government of India in 1961, by the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961, but the practice of dowry is still very much prevalent almost everywhere in India, especially in the villages where the law has little effect. This gives rise to a social horror known as Dowry death, which will be discussed under the next topic. Another issue arising out of traditions is that women are assumed to be weaker, and are made to stay at home and taught how to perform household work such as cooking and cleaning, and are not allowed to take part in most social events. As a result, most parents do not allow their daughters to go to school, and make them stay at home and learn household skills. As a result, while 76% of men are literate in India, only 54% of women are literate[16]. This indicates how much of an effect such traditions and notions can have on a country as a whole. Violence against women One of the major issues discussed by almost every feminist in their interview is dowry death. This is a practice where the bride is killed when her family does not give a large enough dowry. It has in fact been on the increase, seen largely throughout North India[17]. This has caused women to be looked upon as a burden in their family of birth. Sarojini Sahoo has stated the same in her interview, describing how women are usually viewed in society: â€Å"An unmarried daughter seen as a spinster even in her late twenties brings shame upon her parents, and is a burden. But once married, she is considered the property of her in-laws.†[18] This burden leads to wanting a male child over a female one, along with the fact that the Dharma Shastras and other texts of Hindu religion which make a son more desirable than a daughter due to the fact they can inherit, carry on the name, and only a son can perform the last rites of his father/grandfather. This leads to the social practice of female infanticide, which has been on the increase in India. It is basically the act of killing young female children, as their parents want a male child. This has caused the sex ratio to drop in India over the years. India has a child sex ratio of 914:100, as of 2011.[19] Next is the actual physical violence against women, which is very widespread in India compared to all the other nations. India has of late become famous for rape, following the Delhi rape case. A statement from Madhu Kishwar regarding such violence aptly sums up a variety of such problems prevalent in India: â€Å"Another main issue is sexual violence of all kinds, from what goes by the name of â€Å"eve-teasing†, which is a very mild, insulting word used to describe what goes from pinching and rubbing to lewd comments to physical violence, hitting you†¦ Then there is rape of all kinds†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [20] Sexual violence is at its highest in India. Some theorize that this is the backlash of a strong patriarchal society[21] witnessing westernization of women. It is the biggest social issue in all of India, and is the major reason why India needs feminism. The final problem to be discussed is the fact that marital rape is to this day not criminalized in India. The Indian Penal Code has no sanction against this act. The only recourse for the wife is to ask for divorce and leave her husband, but apart from that, there is no punishment meted out to the husband/rapist. Domestic violence also has a separate law which many say is not stringent enough, thus making it prevalent in countless areas of the country. Flavia Agnes addresses the topic in her interview: â€Å"In a society where marriage is the norm, the ultimate power rests with the husband.† To sum up the issue of violence, a statement from Vandana Shiva fits perfectly: â€Å"This violent economic order can only function as a war against people and against the earth, and in that war, the rape against women is a very, very large instrument of war. We see that everywhere. And therefore, we have to have an end to the violence against women.†[22] Conclusion We have seen how the dawn of private ownership of land and property gave rise to the Patriarchal society, pushing women to a side role, and how this was further solidified by the rise of capitalism and its need for the nuclear family and the â€Å"ideal setup† for division of labour. We then discussed how it originated in India, and how the Vedic period originally had great equality for the women in their society, and how that status deteriorated over time due to the Dharma Shastras and the Smritis, giving rise to traditions like dowry and sati. We have seen how these practices came about, the efforts of the government to curb them, and the effectiveness of these laws. We also see how the traditions affected the rate of literacy among girls drastically, and then how dowry leads to murder in several cases, and how this burden then leads to female infanticide, and the culmination of all these oppressive traditions leading to the sexual violence against women due to them being vi ewed as weaker, or as property, and finally how the law even now is quite unfair with regard to women, denying them any just recourse marital rape, despite several protests for the sake of the same. To conclude, we have seen how gender inequality has its own unique points in India, and how it is all the more essential for India to learn feminism, and the higher difficulty of actually bringing about changes in this society. Bibliography JSTOR The Hindu The National Geographic The Times of India Foundation for Sustainable Development The Guardian [1] Systems of Stratification : Gender in Capitalist Society, The Red Phoenix, available at http://theredphoenixapl.org/2010/11/29/systems-of-stratificationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­-à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¬gender-in-capitalist-society/ [2] 8 Other Nations That Send Women to Combat, The National Geographic, available at http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/13/130125-women-combat-world-australia-israel-canada-norway/ [3] Gender equality in India among worst in world, The Times of India, available at http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gender-equality-in-India-among-worst-in-world-UN/articleshow/18982029.cms [4] Vandana Shiva on Int’l Women’s Day: Capitalist Patriarchy Has Aggravated Violence Against Women, Democracy Now, available at http://www.democracynow.org/2013/3/8/vandana_shiva_on_intl_womens_day [5] Feminism in India Conversation with Indian Feminist Sarojini Sahoo, Linda Lowen, available at http://womensissues.about.com/od/feminismequalrights/a/FeminisminIndia.htm [6] Feminism in India: violence, trades, Carol Ann Douglas and Alice Henry, available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/25796296 [7] Feminism in India, Carol Ann Douglas, available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/25793362 [8] Fukuoka Prize for Vandana Shiva, The Hindu, available at http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/fukuoka-prize-for-vandana-shiva/article3676826.ece [9] The Future of Feminism: An Interview with Christina Hoff Sommers, Scott London, available at http://www.scottlondon.com/interviews/sommers.html [10] An interview with feminist activist Perla Vasquez, available at http://www.mamacash.org/news/an-interview-with-feminist-activist-perla-vasquez/ [11] Feminism in India Conversation with Indian Feminist Sarojini Sahoo, Linda Lowen, available at http://womensissues.about.com/od/feminismequalrights/a/FeminisminIndia.htm [12] Women in Vedic Culture, Stephen Knapp, available at http://www.stephen-knapp.com/women_in_vedic_culture.htm [13] Indian Woman Down the Ages, LR Nair, available at http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/226/6/06_chapter2.pdf [14] Role of Vedas in Degradation of Status of Women in India, available at http://www.speakingtree.in/spiritual-blogs/seekers/faith-and-rituals/role-of-vedas-in-degradation-of-status-of-women-in-india [15] Bengal Sati Regulation Act, 1829 [16] Gender Equity Issues in India, Foundation for Sustainable Development, available at http://www.fsdinternational.org/country/india/weissues [17] Rising number of dowry deaths in India: NCRB, Ignatius Pereira, The Hindu, August 6, 2013, available at http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rising-number-of-dowry-deaths-in-india-ncrb/article4995677.ece [18] Feminism in India Conversation with Indian Feminist Sarojini Sahoo, Linda Lowen, available at http://womensissues.about.com/od/feminismequalrights/a/FeminisminIndia.htm [19] India loses 3 million girls in infanticide, The Hindu, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-loses-3-million-girls-in-infanticide/article3981575.ece [20] Feminism in India, Carol Ann Douglas, available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/25793362 [21] Sexual violence in India is a patriarchal backlash that must be stopped, Priya Virmani, The Guardian, available at http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jun/17/sexual-violence-india-patriarchal-narendra-modi-women-reform-rape [22] Vandana Shiva on Int’l Women’s Day: Capitalist Patriarchy Has Aggravated Violence Against Women, Democracy Now, available at http://www.democracynow.org/2013/3/8/vandana_shiva_on_intl_womens_day

Capital Punishment Is Murder :: essays research papers fc

All throughout the media, one hears of murders and homicides. It is a crime to kill someone, but the government "murders" people all the time without thinking twice. There is a risk when pulling the trigger that this horrible fate will happen. If it is not right to kill someone, why does the government kill people all the time? In The Bible, there is a statement that says "Thou shalt not kill," and yet the government believes it can punish for what it already does. It is a crime within a crime and the government should "Practice what they preach." This has been going on for so long that most nations have created a numbness to death. One may believe he is a law abiding citizen and follows the law to every word. This same innocent idividual could very well be put to death by the gas chamber. People are framed for crimes every day and noone notices. Naturally, people in court or in prison will go on and on about their innocence when they know well that they did it. This causes the innocent people's claims of innocence to be discarded. One may then spend half of his life in prison or be put to death. No normal people ever take the time to think that they may be next. If the death sentence was discarded, a few lives could be saved. Technology is advancing everyday and with DNA samples and other high-tech equipment, people could be proven innocent. Most people believe that the "bad guy" kills illegally and the "good guy", or the gas chamber, kills legally. Children in some neighborhoods are exposed to death and murder everyday. They think nothing of it after a while. The children grow up into gun-bearing citizens with the idea that killing the "bad guy" makes him the "good guy". This is often known as "taking the law into his own hands." So, if the government can kill legally, why can't a teenager take revenge for the death of his father?

Google in China

Google entered China in 2006 with high hopes of taking over the Chinese internet market. In order to become a major player for internet search engines in China, however, they had buckled and filtered search results according to the Chinese government. When Google. cn was launched, a loud public outcry over its giving in to the Chinese government on censoring and filtering search engine results, the company faced a communications crisis. Since Google had always been known for its free thinking, this seemed a vast contradiction. From a communications standpoint, Google’s greatest vulnerability in this crisis lay with a tarnished public image.Since the company’s inception, Google had enjoyed a reputation for ingenuity and creativity. Google had changed the way people use and search on the internet that was free from pop up advertisements and organized information. They promoted different and radical ideas for development in the workplace to foster the creative atmosphere a t the Googleplex in California. The corporate public image is â€Å"the sum total of perceptions of the corporations personality characteristics. † (Spector, 1961 p. 47) Google’s had an outstand public image evidenced by the fact that it was one of the most popular search engines in the world.When Google decided to enter the Chinese market, the company was forced by the Chinese government to impose self-censorship if they were to operate within the boundaries of China. Though executives disagreed with censoring, they â€Å"grudgingly agreed that this is the ethical price they have to pay to place servers in mainland China. † (2006 Jan) If an internet search engine did not filter search results, the government would use its own, which highly slowed down the rate at which the servers could process the request. â€Å"The filtered results would remove any reference to a number of subjects. This policy in China did not align itself with the public image that Google had established and sought to maintain. This new policy brought about harsh criticism, â€Å"Google’s statements about respecting online privacy are at the height of hypocrisy in view of its strategy in China, said groups like the RWB in January of 2006. Google’s policy of self-censorship in China did not sit well with the public or human rights organizations. Though Google seemed to promote free-thinking and free speech on one hand, they were censoring and filtering with the other.Google lost credibility with the public, thus tarnishing its public image and â€Å"loosing 1% of the U. S. market in one month,† as reported in The Business. (2006, Aug) â€Å"Image credibility is based on the constituency’s perception of the organization† (Argenti, 2009, p. 39). When the public image of a company has been compromised it â€Å"can make a huge difference in determining the success or failure of the organization† (Argenti, 2009, p. 40). When the p ublic looses confidence in a company and what they stand for, they no longer wish to use its product.In response, executives at Google attempted to convince the public that they could handle the balancing act between censorship and providing information, and gain back public trust and confidence. Google’s greatest vulnerability in the ordeal with China was damage done to its reputation because we should, as stated in the Bible, â€Å"Earn a reputation for living well in God’s eyes and the eyes of the people. †(Proverbs 3:4) When running a company it is highly important to preserve good standing because when â€Å"good will or trust is lacking, the organization will fail at achieving its objectives (Argenti, 2009, p. 40).

The Difference Between Appositives and Descriptions

The Difference Between Appositives and Descriptions The Difference Between Appositives and Descriptions The Difference Between Appositives and Descriptions By Mark Nichol It is important for writers to distinguish between appositives and mere descriptions. A noun is said to be in apposition when it is set off from another noun that refers to the same idea. The phrase â€Å"set off† is significant, because a pair of commas separate the parenthetical apposition from its referent noun by a pair of commas. A description, however, needs no such bracketing. For example, take a look at this sentence: â€Å"Here’s what the CEO of Chrysler Sergio Marchionne said to his employees in a blog post.† â€Å"The CEO of Chrysler† and â€Å"Sergio Marchionne† are one and the same appositive so one or the other needs to be framed by commas. This can be accomplished in one of several ways: â€Å"Here’s what the CEO of Chrysler, Sergio Marchionne, said to his employees in a blog post.† â€Å"Here’s what Sergio Marchionne, (the) CEO of Chrysler, said to his employees in a blog post.† (The optional the is often omitted in journalistic contexts and retained in more formal writing.) â€Å"Here’s what Sergio Marchionne, Chrysler’s CEO, said to his employees in a blog post.† (This is a less formal variant of the previous two options.) A description, meanwhile, such as the job title in this case, is followed directly by the name without intervening punctuation, and no comma should follow the name, either: â€Å"Here’s what Chrysler CEO Sergio Marchionne said to his employees in a blog post.† The first sentence in each of the following pairs appeared in a printed or online publication with commas framing the name as if it was an appositive an error, and a distressingly common one. But notice below the differences between the statements labeled â€Å"Description† and the ones marked as â€Å"Apposition.† In a description, both the descriptive phrase and the name it applies to are essential; without either one, the sentence is incomplete. However, an apposition, being parenthetical, can be omitted without altering the integrity of the sentence. Description: â€Å"Ex-reservist and current war gamer Mike Brown admits his battle tactics may be a bit too aggressive for a real-life situation.† Apposition: â€Å"Mike Brown, an ex-reservist and current war gamer, admits his battle tactics may be a bit too aggressive for a real-life situation.† Description: â€Å"Kitchen queen Nigella Lawson comes to town, shops, chops, cooks, and raves about our produce.† Apposition: â€Å"Nigella Lawson, the kitchen queen, comes to town, shops, chops, cooks, and raves about our produce.† Description: â€Å"Conservative radio jock Michael Savage gets his own TV show.† Apposition: â€Å"A conservative radio jock, Michael Savage, gets his own TV show.† (The person’s name can come first, as in the previous examples, without a change in meaning, though the focus changes.) Description: â€Å"The San Francisco–based schooner C.A. Thayer begins a $9.6 million overhaul.† Apposition: â€Å"The C.A. Thayer, a San Francisco–based schooner, begins a $9.6 million overhaul.† (If the schooner has already been referenced generically, the sentence should read something like this: â€Å"The San Francisco–based schooner, the C.A. Thayer, begins a $9.6 million overhaul.†) Description: â€Å"The Emeryville studio Pixar hopes to cash in on its fish flick.† Apposition: â€Å"The Emeryville studio, Pixar, hopes to cash in on its fish flick.† (If two or more studios, each located in a different city, were previously mentioned, this sentence is correct. Otherwise, something like â€Å"Pixar, the Emeryville studio, hopes to cash in on its fish flick† would be appropriate.) Description: â€Å"Bryan Young is editor of the blog Big Shiny Robot.† Apposition: â€Å"Bryan Young is editor of the blog, Big Shiny Robot.† (The comma is necessary to indicate that the blog was already mentioned, but not by name. If not, the comma signals, fallaciously, that Big Shiny Robot is the only blog in existence.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Idioms About NumbersCapitalization Rules for Names of Historical Periods and MovementsPrepositions to Die With

Free Essays on Sophocles

Colonus, a village near Athens, was the place of Sophocles' birth, and the date, 495 B.C., thus making him thirty years younger than Aeschylus and fifteen years older than Euripides. His father, Sophilus, a man of wealth and excellent repute, gave him the benefit of all the literary accomplishment of the age. His powers were developed and refined by a careful instruction in the arts of music and poetry, and to the natural graces of his person further attractions were added through the exercises of the palà ¦stra. That he was a comely and agile youth is shown by his selection, at the age of sixteen, to lead with dance and lyre the chorus which celebrated his country's triumph at Salamis. In his younger days he appears to have been somewhat over fond of women and wine, and this he himself admits in one of his sayings recorded by Plato: "I thank old age for delivering me from the tyranny of my appetites." Yet, even in his later years, the charms of the gentler sex were at times too strong for the great dramatist. Aristophanes accused him of avarice, though there is nothing in what is known of Sophocles to substantiate the charge, and this is further disproved by the utter neglect of his affairs, which brought on him the imputation of lunacy, refuted by reading to his judges a passage from a newly-written play. The occasional excesses referred to appear to have been the only blemish on an otherwise blameless and contented life. Dramatic Career The commencement of his dramatic career was marked by a victory in competition with Aeschylus, under exceptional circumstances. The remains of the hero Theseus were being removed by Cimon from the isle of Scyros to Athens, at the time of a tragic contest which had excited unusual interest on account of the fame of the older and the popularity of the younger candidate. Instead of choosing judges by lot, as was the custom, the archon administered the oath to Cimon and his colleagues, asking th... Free Essays on Sophocles Free Essays on Sophocles Colonus, a village near Athens, was the place of Sophocles' birth, and the date, 495 B.C., thus making him thirty years younger than Aeschylus and fifteen years older than Euripides. His father, Sophilus, a man of wealth and excellent repute, gave him the benefit of all the literary accomplishment of the age. His powers were developed and refined by a careful instruction in the arts of music and poetry, and to the natural graces of his person further attractions were added through the exercises of the palà ¦stra. That he was a comely and agile youth is shown by his selection, at the age of sixteen, to lead with dance and lyre the chorus which celebrated his country's triumph at Salamis. In his younger days he appears to have been somewhat over fond of women and wine, and this he himself admits in one of his sayings recorded by Plato: "I thank old age for delivering me from the tyranny of my appetites." Yet, even in his later years, the charms of the gentler sex were at times too strong for the great dramatist. Aristophanes accused him of avarice, though there is nothing in what is known of Sophocles to substantiate the charge, and this is further disproved by the utter neglect of his affairs, which brought on him the imputation of lunacy, refuted by reading to his judges a passage from a newly-written play. The occasional excesses referred to appear to have been the only blemish on an otherwise blameless and contented life. Dramatic Career The commencement of his dramatic career was marked by a victory in competition with Aeschylus, under exceptional circumstances. The remains of the hero Theseus were being removed by Cimon from the isle of Scyros to Athens, at the time of a tragic contest which had excited unusual interest on account of the fame of the older and the popularity of the younger candidate. Instead of choosing judges by lot, as was the custom, the archon administered the oath to Cimon and his colleagues, asking th...

Comparison between C++ and Java Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparison between C++ and Java - Research Paper Example Later it was adapted as the basis for â€Å"HotJava† thin client that depends on a virtual machine that is very portable and secure. Java is provided with a wide-ranging library that supports total abstraction for the fundamental platform. Java is a statically typed OOP like C++ and both languages display a similar syntax though their syntaxes are not compatible with each other. Moreover, Java was designed from scratch and was aimed at portability. (Deitel & Deitel, 2009) Comparison of Features Java and C++ differ significantly when it comes to certain features and implementation in each language. These are discussed below with examples to clarify the differences. Java does not possess multiple inheritances, instead it relies on interfaces. Interfaces in Java are comparable and largely similar to classes in C++ that have nothing except for virtual functions. Java allows inheritance from one base class only even if the other base classes are composed of little else than abstrac t methods (which are pure virtual functions). However Java allows the implementation of multiple interfaces which is similar to C++ and is nearly similar. (Horstmann & Cornell, 2008) An interface in Java for a Stack would be: public interface Stack { public void Push(Object o); public Object Pop(); }; The structure for C++ is similar and is shown below: class Stack { public: virtual void Push(Object&) = 0; virtual Object& Pop() = 0; }; It must be borne in mind that an interface in Java is not a class and any functions declared in a Java interface are not implementable in the same interface. A Java interface is not allowed any member variables either. This helps Java to eliminate the multiple virtual inheritance problems seen in C++ as it is not possible to inherit identical member variables from more paths than one. Virtual inheritance creates difficulties for the programmers of all kinds. Java solves this by eliminating multiple inheritances of classes by permitting multiple interf ace implementations. This has simplified Java appreciably in comparison to C++. However there is a drawback too. Java does not allow inheriting implementation from multiple classes in cases where there are no identical member variables too. Most coding situations require that variables have multiple inheritances from base classes that possess data and functions. While C++ can help implement these through careful variable naming, Java disallows it altogether. Another aspect of major difference is garbage collection. Garbage collection is a way to manage memory by freeing memory blocks that are not being referred to anymore. For example if the Java code presented below is considered: Clock a = new Clock(); // a is a new clock // ... a is used for a while a = null; // a is set to null and the system will remove it afterwards The code above creates a new Clock object by using the keyword new. The variable a is used to refer to this new object. a has a similar structure to reference vari ables used in C++ but Java allows the reassignment of references unlike C++. The variable a is used for some time after which it is reset to null. The Java runtime system keeps a in watch and when it detects that there are no more references to a, it brands a as garbage and clears it up. This aids in returning memory to the heap. In comparison C++ does not offer such an extensive garbage collection system. Although third party freeware and

3900-MGT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

3900-MGT - Essay Example They termed to be basic, broad and underlying. They are inclusive of having a need for identification, distribution, having a target market, positioning and message development. ii) When it comes to marketing nowadays, it has become more technical and has more complications than the traditional one. The challenge of using the traditional one is that, it is considered inefficient and expensive. Strategise, knowing the kind of business one wants to venture in. Setting of goals is a convenient way of gauging where the business will be in a number of years. They should be measurable, specific, relevant to the business, attainable, and should have a limit of time. It is also vital to define the market that one will be targeting. For example, in this company, we made a goal to having the products distributed regionally in a year’s time. Executing a variety of marketing strategies, when the company focuses to dwell on using a specific strategy, it is bound to fail. The use of a variety will expose the business to a wide range of opportunities. Using social media, e-marketing, use of direct mail, the referral strategy, networking and giving of coupons is another way of marketing. It is advisable to measure and test, once there is analysis it is easy to determine and eliminate what does not work as opposed to doing things without checking the progress. The company did an analysis and discovered that one of the products that are cooking oil; that which moved fast was the one that contained no cholesterol. Persistence and consistency, it is convenient for consumers to be assured that they would be in a position to get the product in the market. Marketing is said to be a process, not an event. The company has continued to have their products available in the market for a couple of years. Building on trust and value, it is very vital for customers to be aware of